Combined importance–performance map analysis (cIPMA) in partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS–SEM): a SmartPLS 4 tutorial

AbstractRecent research on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS–SEM) extended the classic importance–performance map analysis (IPMA) by taking the results of a necessary condition analysis (NCA) into consideration. By also highlighting necessary conditions, the combined importance–performance map analysis (cIPMA) offers a tool that enables better prioritization of management actions to improve a key target construct. In this article, we showcase a cIPMA’s main steps when using the SmartPLS 4 software. Our illustration draws on the technology acceptance model (TAM) used in the cIPMA’s original publication, which features prominently in business research.