A Comprehensive Review of Real-Time Feeder Monitoring and Auditing Systems: Architectures, Technologies, and Analytics for the Smart Grid

Abstract: The modernization of power distribution networks into intelligent Smart Grids necessitates a paradigm shift from periodic, manual inspections to continuous, real-time feeder monitoring and auditing. Traditional systems, reliant on legacy SCADA and manual meter reading, are plagued by high Aggregate Technical and Commercial (AT&C) losses, prolonged outage durations, and a lack of granular visibility into feeder health. This review paper comprehensively synthesizes the architecture, technologies, and methodologies underpinning modern Real-Time Feeder Power Line Monitoring and Auditing Systems. We explore the integrated ecosystem of advanced sensing devices, including Smart Meters, Feeder Remote Terminal Units (FRTUs), and Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs), coupled with robust communication protocols like cellular networks and LPWAN. The core of the paper delves into the data analytics pipeline, detailing applications in state estimation, fault detection and location, power quality assessment, and, crucially, real-time energy auditing. A significant focus is placed on techniques for segregating technical losses from non-technical losses (NTLs), such as energy theft, using data-driven algorithms and machine learning. Furthermore, the paper addresses key implementation challenges, including cybersecurity, data management, and economic viability, and highlights future research directions involving Artificial Intelligence (AI), digital twins, and edge computing. The synthesis concludes that the deployment of such integrated systems is indispensable for enhancing grid resilience, optimizing operational efficiency, and achieving significant financial savings for utilities.