Battery Operating Condition Characterization: The Essential Pathway to Multi-Scenario Applications

Abstract Lithium-ion batteries are now deployed far beyond conventional applications in consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and grid storage, extending into extreme environments such as space, deep-sea, and high-altitude operations. Under actual working conditions (including microgravity, 10-7 Pa vacuum, 100 MeV radiation, 10 MPa hydrostatic pressure, etc), the fundamental electrochemical and transport properties of batteries are altered, leading to distinct failure mechanisms. To elucidate these degradation pathways, it is essential to integrate advanced operando synchrotron characterization with realistic environmental simulations. This approach provides critical insights for the rational design of high-reliability battery systems tailored to specific operational scenarios.