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Multi-feature fusion monthly runoff prediction under different climate conditions using APO-optimized CNN-BiGRU-Self-Attention

Wenchuan Wang, Yi-fei Wang, Wei-can Tian, Zong Li, Qi-Qi Zeng
June 30, 2026
Published Date

Research Abstract & Technology Focus

Monthly runoff sequences exhibit highly nonlinear and nonstationary characteristics that impede traditional single models from capturing long-term dependencies and abrupt changes. This study proposes a hybrid deep learning model, APO-CNN-BiGRU-Self Attention, that integrates the Arctic Puffin Optimization (APO) algorithm, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Units (BiGRU), and a Self-Attention mechanism to enhance prediction accuracy. Specifically, a CNN extracts local features, a Self-Attention module assigns weights to higher-order latent features, and the BiGRU detects Bidirectional dependencies within the sequence. At the same time, the APO algorithm optimizes the hyperparameters. Validation was subsequently conducted at the Yingluoxia (YLX) and Manwan (MW) stations. The following metrics were used for evaluation: Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE), correlation coefficient (R), and Kling-Gupta Efficiency (KGE). Experiments demonstrate that, compared to the standalone BiGRU, the proposed model reduces MAPE by 26.681% and improves NSE by 5.498% at the YLX station, while reducing MAPE by 21.874% and enhancing NSE by 3.673% at the MW station. Furthermore, the APO demonstrates superior convergence characteristics compared with the WOA and GWO meta-heuristic optimization algorithms, enabling the hybrid model to achieve robust monthly runoff prediction across diverse climatic zones.
Environmental science Surface runoff Fusion Meteorology Climatology Sensor fusion
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What is the core focus of the research titled 'Multi-feature fusion monthly runoff prediction under different climate conditions using APO-optimized CNN-BiGRU-Self-Attention'?

This literature focuses on: Monthly runoff sequences exhibit highly nonlinear and nonstationary characteristics that impede traditional single models from capturing long-term dependencies and abrupt changes. This study proposes a hybrid deep learning model, APO-CNN-BiGRU-Sel...

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Products like OpenRouter Model Fusion are bringing this to market. Their focus is: Run many models side by side and fuse the best answer.

What other academic literature is closely related to 'Multi-feature fusion monthly runoff prediction under different climate conditions using APO-optimized CNN-BiGRU-Self-Attention'?

Yes, highly correlated activity was mapped. An entry titled 'A Performance Comparison Study on Climate Prediction in Weifang City Using Different Deep Learning Models' discusses this: Climate change affects the water cycle, water resource management, and sustainable socio-economic development. In order to accurately predict clima...

How is the concept of 'Multi-feature fusion monthly runoff prediction under different climate conditions using APO-optimized CNN-BiGRU-Self-Attention' being discussed by engineers on Hacker News?

Yes, highly correlated activity was mapped. An entry titled 'Show HN: Open load forecasts that beat US grid operators on 6 of 7 RTOs' discusses this: This project presents a significant disruption to the energy sector's operational forecasting. By outperforming incumbent US grid operators' day-ah...

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